Climate

How Europe’s 600 Largest Companies Approach Physical Climate Risk

We analysed the annual reports of STOXX Europe 600 companies. 65% have assessed physical climate risk using the locations of their sites. 19% have modelled expected financial losses.

October 9, 2026
Bar chart of the physical hazards covered and found material by the 390 companies with a location-based assessment, led by heat stress at 81% covered

How do Europe’s large listed companies handle physical climate risk? We ran Klever’s physical risk questionnaire on the latest annual and/or sustainability reports of 596 STOXX Europe 600 companies.

65% have assessed physical risk

65% of Europe’s 600 largest companies have analysed physical risk with their facilities’ location data. 66% of those that have done that assessment found physical risk material. Fewer go further. 19% have modelled potential losses in numbers, and 12% report losses that already happened.

Stage of physical risk work
Assessed physical risk with location dataCompanies: 39065%
Found physical risk materialCompanies: 29149%
Made adaptation investmentsCompanies: 28648%
Has an adaptation plan or targetsCompanies: 23139%
Assessment covers the supply chainCompanies: 18130%
Modelled potential losses in numbersCompanies: 11519%
Reported losses that already happenedCompanies: 7112%
Figure 1: Share of the 596 companies that disclose each item.

RCP 8.5 is the default scenario

Among the 390 companies with an assessment, 82% use the high emissions scenario RCP 8.5. 44% also test the low emissions RCP 2.6. 46% include their supply chain.

Scenarios and supply chain
RCP 8.5 (high emissions)Companies: 31882%
RCP 4.5 (intermediate)Companies: 20352%
RCP 2.6 (low emissions)Companies: 17244%
Covers the supply chainCompanies: 18146%
Figure 2: Climate scenarios used and supply chain coverage. Share of the 390 companies with an assessment.

57% combine their own team with outside help. Only 6% leave the work fully to a third party.

Who did the assessment
Internal and externalCompanies: 22357%
Internal onlyCompanies: 10727%
External onlyCompanies: 256%
Not disclosedCompanies: 359%
Figure 3: Who carried out the assessment. Share of the 390 companies with an assessment.

Heat is assessed most, floods turn material most

Heat stress is the most covered hazard. 81% of assessments include it. River flood comes second. It is also the hazard most often found material: 49% of the companies that assess it say it matters.

Hazards covered and material
Heatwave / heat stressCovered: 31681%Material: 13735%
River floodCovered: 27771%Material: 13535%
Storm / tornadoCovered: 26468%Material: 10427%
DroughtCovered: 26267%Material: 10828%
WildfireCovered: 24062%Material: 6617%
Heavy precipitationCovered: 23059%Material: 8221%
Rising temperature / temperature variabilityCovered: 22357%Material: 7018%
Water stress / scarcityCovered: 22157%Material: 8622%
Sea level riseCovered: 17344%Material: 4010%
Coastal flood / storm surgeCovered: 17044%Material: 6216%
Surface water / flash floodCovered: 16643%Material: 7319%
Tropical cycloneCovered: 16242%Material: 4712%
Landslide / subsidenceCovered: 13936%Material: 369%
Changing precipitation patternsCovered: 13334%Material: 308%
Cold wave / frostCovered: 13134%Material: 318%
Changing wind patternsCovered: 7920%Material: 123%
Coastal / soil erosionCovered: 5614%Material: 103%
Permafrost thawCovered: 256%Material: 00%
Ocean acidificationCovered: 185%Material: 00%
OtherCovered: 15239%Material: 4612%
Figure 4: Hazards covered and hazards assessed as material. Share of the 390 companies with an assessment. Most cover several hazards.

Few put a figure on losses

71 companies say physical events have already cost them money. Only 19 give an amount. Together these losses add up to €6.2 billion. The median is €79 million and the largest single loss €1.8 billion. Business disruption and asset damage are the most common losses.

Financial impacts
Modelled and quantified potential lossesCompanies: 11519%
Reported losses from physical eventsCompanies: 7112%
Disclosed a loss amountCompanies: 193%
Figure 5: Financial impacts. Share of the 596 companies.
Types of loss
Business disruptionCompanies: 3752%
Asset damageCompanies: 3448%
Supply chain disruptionCompanies: 68%
Higher insurance costsCompanies: 23%
OtherCompanies: 3144%
Figure 6: Types of loss. Share of the 71 companies that reported losses.

Adaptation starts with planning

48% of companies have invested in adaptation. Early warning and business continuity planning come first. Flood protection and insurance follow. Only 31 companies say how much they spent. Together that is €1.6 billion, with a median of €3 million.

Adaptation at a glance
Made adaptation investmentsCompanies: 28648%
Has an adaptation plan or targetsCompanies: 23139%
Disclosed an investment amountCompanies: 315%
Figure 7: Adaptation. Share of the 596 companies.
Adaptation investments by type
Early warning / business continuity planningCompanies: 17160%
Flood protection / drainageCompanies: 13848%
Insurance / risk transferCompanies: 13045%
Building / infrastructure hardeningCompanies: 12544%
Water efficiency / alternative sourcingCompanies: 11440%
Cooling / heat protectionCompanies: 8530%
Nature-based solutionsCompanies: 6924%
Supply chain diversification / buffer stockCompanies: 6021%
Resilient products / crops / materialsCompanies: 4415%
Backup power / energy resilienceCompanies: 3412%
Wildfire protectionCompanies: 228%
Site or equipment relocationCompanies: 62%
OtherCompanies: 176%
Figure 8: Types of adaptation investment. Share of the 286 companies that invested.

Spain leads, the UK trails

Practice varies by country. 93% of Spanish companies have assessed physical risk. In the UK, the largest group in the sample, the share is 46%.

Results by country
Spain28 companiesAssessed: 2693%Material: 2279%
France64 companiesAssessed: 5180%Material: 4773%
Netherlands34 companiesAssessed: 2779%Material: 1647%
Italy36 companiesAssessed: 2878%Material: 2467%
Germany67 companiesAssessed: 5176%Material: 3349%
Denmark23 companiesAssessed: 1565%Material: 939%
Switzerland61 companiesAssessed: 3964%Material: 2948%
Sweden49 companiesAssessed: 3163%Material: 1939%
Finland18 companiesAssessed: 1161%Material: 739%
Poland16 companiesAssessed: 956%Material: 956%
Norway20 companiesAssessed: 1155%Material: 1155%
Belgium15 companiesAssessed: 747%Material: 640%
United Kingdom117 companiesAssessed: 5446%Material: 3530%
Other countries48 companiesAssessed: 3063%Material: 2450%
All companies596 companiesAssessed: 39065%Material: 29149%
Figure 9: Companies with an assessment and companies that found physical risk material, by country. Countries with 15 or more companies in the sample.

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